xugangthu的博客

Millimeter-Wave Waveguides

Large Antennas of the Deep Space Network

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging With MATLAB Algorithms

HFSS电磁仿真设计应用详解

电磁理论中的格林函数

现代面天线新技术－1993

卫星通信天线

双反射面天线赋形

CAXA实体设计教材 CAXA实体设计教材 CAXA实体设计教材

Solid-State Microwave High-Power Amplifiers

Space Antenna Handbook

Handbook of RF and Microwave Power Amplifiers

This book addresses a broad range of topics on antennas for space applications. First, it introduces the fundamental methodologies of space antenna design, modelling and analysis as well as the state-of-the-art and anticipated future technological developments. Each of the topics discussed are specialized and contextualized to the space sector. Furthermore, case studies are also provided to demonstrate the design and implementation of antennas in actual applications. Second, the authors present a detailed review of antenna designs for some popular applications such as satellite communications, space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, science instruments, radio astronomy, small satellites, and deep-space applications. Finally it presents the reader with a comprehensive path from space antenna development basics to specific individual applications. Key Features: •Presents a detailed review of antenna designs for applications such as satellite communications, space-borne SAR, GNSS receivers, science instruments, small satellites, radio astronomy, deep-space applications •Addresses the space antenna development from different angles, including electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical design strategies required for space qualification •Includes numerous case studies to demonstrate how to design and implement antennas in practical scenarios •Offers both an introduction for students in the field and an in-depth reference for antenna engineers who develop space antennas This book serves as an excellent reference for researchers, professionals and graduate students in the fields of antennas and propagation, electromagnetics, RF/microwave/millimetrewave systems, satellite communications, radars, satellite remote sensing, satellite navigation and spacecraft system engineering, It also aids engineers technical managers and professionals working on antenna and RF designs. Marketing and business people in satellites, wireless, and electronics area who want to acquire a basic understanding of the technology will also find this book of interest.

This book addresses a broad range of topics on antennas for space applications. First, it introduces the fundamental methodologies of space antenna design, modelling and analysis as well as the state-of-the-art and anticipated future technological developments. Each of the topics discussed are specialized and contextualized to the space sector. Furthermore, case studies are also provided to demonstrate the design and implementation of antennas in actual applications. Second, the authors present a detailed review of antenna designs for some popular applications such as satellite communications, space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, science instruments, radio astronomy, small satellites, and deep-space applications. Finally it presents the reader with a comprehensive path from space antenna development basics to specific individual applications. Key Features:* Presents a detailed review of antenna designs for applications such as satellite communications, space-borne SAR, GNSS receivers, science instruments, small satellites, radio astronomy, deep-space applications* Addresses the space antenna development from different angles, including electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical design strategies required for space qualification* Includes numerous case studies to demonstrate how to design and implement antennas in practical scenarios* Offers both an introduction for students in the field and an in-depth reference for antenna engineers who develop space antennas This book serves as an excellent reference for researchers, professionals and graduate students in the fields of antennas and propagation, electromagnetics, RF/microwave/millimetrewave systems, satellite communications, radars, satellite remote sensing, satellite navigation and spacecraft system engineering, It also aids engineers technical managers and professionals working on antenna and RF designs. Marketing and business people in satellites, wireless, and electronics area who want to acquire a basic understanding of the technology will also find this book of interest. 显示更多 显示更少

内容简介 本书以CCSDS（空间数据系统咨询委员会）标准为主线索，系统地讲解了新一代空间数据系统体制和技术思想，并提出了一些学术观点。同时还对目前常用的航天器测控和数据管理技术做了简要介绍。 本书是学习CCSDS标准的入门参考书，既可作为飞行器设计专业的研究生课程教材，也可作为相关专业的中高级科研人员和工程技术人员进修及技术工作的参考书。作者简介 谭维炽，1942年生，研究员，博士生导师，1965年毕业于中国科学技术大学自动控制专业，一直从事卫星测控和系统工程，现任卫星总师顾问和中国空间技术研究院教育委员会主任。 顾莹琦，1973年生，飞行器设计专业博士，现在美国从事相关专业工作。目录 第1章 空间数据系统概论 1.1 航天任务的数据业务需求 1.2 技术发展给航天数据业务带来的变化 1.3 PCM测控数据管理系统 1.4 从测控系统到数据系统 1.5 空间数据系统咨询委员会 第2章 计算机网络技术基础 2.1 网络及其参考模型 2.2 数据链路层基本协议 2.3 介质访问控制子层 2.4 网络层基本协议 2.5 传输层基本协议 2.6 网络系统设计中应注意的问题 第3章 航天器遥测 3.1 PCM遥测系统

吕善伟 页数:234 出版日期:1988 主题词:天线-概论 简介:本书阐述了天线阵的基本参数、线阵、面阵和单脉冲阵列的分析与综合。 目录 第一章天线阵的分析 夭线阵的射特性及主要参数 第二章 离散线阵的综合 谢昆诺夫多项式法 等副瓣线阵(I)一契贝谢夫多项式法 契贝谢欠多项式 波束宽度和方向性系数 功率方向图与激励系数 等副瓣阵列 小间距阵列最佳化· 最佳侧射阵，最佳端射阵 泰勒阵列· 泰勒方向图，修正的泰勒方向图 傅立叶变换法 伍德沃德方法 连续线源，离散线阵 内插法综合阵 第三章 平面阵的分析与综合 阵因子，波束宽度，方系数 契贝谢夫方阵方向图面数，方向性系数 第四章 单脉冲阵列

摘要：针对普通压缩算法和基于ＤＳＰ或ＰＣ 机的实现方法已不能满足高速和小体积图像压缩的要求，本文以硬件实现高 速图像压缩为目的，提出一种基于５／３小波变换的低复杂度图像压缩算法。该算法首先采用３级二维小波变换去除图 像相关冗余，并根据小波子带的变换增益对其进行最佳量化，然后对量化后的ＬＬ 子带进行二维预测，最后针对小波系 数概率分布的特点，采用自适应零游程编码联合指数哥伦布编码实现图像压缩。该方法在保证较高压缩质量的同时，具 有低复杂度和硬件易实现的特点，通过ＦＰＧＡ 最快可实现高达１７５ Ｍｐｉｘｅｌ／ｓ的超高速图像压缩，为高速图像压缩器件 的研制提供了算法基础。

俄文的文献，介绍模式变化器 High-efficient converters of circular waveguide higher mode to the mode of simplest structure

Contents Preface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Array Background 1 1.2 Systems Factors 2 1.3 Annotated Reference Sources 3 1.3.1 Adaptive Antenna Reference Books 5 References 5 2 Basic Array Characteristics 7 2.1 Uniformly Excited Linear Arrays 7 2.1.1 Patterns 7 2.1.2 Beamwidth 9 2.1.3 Sidelobes 11 2.1.4 Grating Lobes 11 2.1.5 Bandwidth 15 2.2 Planar Arrays 17 2.2.1 Array Coordinates 17 2.2.2 Beamwidth 18 2.2.3 Grating Lobes: Rectangular Lattice 21 2.2.4 Grating Lobes: Hexagonal Lattice 23 2.3 Beam Steering and Quantization Lobes 25 2.3.1 Steering Increment 25 2.3.2 Steering Bandwidth 26 2.3.3 Time Delay Deployment 27 2.3.4 Phaser Quantization Lobes 28 2.3.5 Sub-array Quantization Lobes 32 2.3.6 QL Decollimation: Overlapped Sub-arrays 35 2.4 Directivity 36 2.4.1 Linear Array Directivity 36 2.4.2 Directivity of Arrays of Short Dipoles 39 2.4.3 Directivity of Arrays of Resonant Elements 40 2.4.4 Planar Array Directivity 42 References 46 3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.1.1 Pattern Formulations 49 3.1.2 Physics versus Mathematics 51 3.1.3 Taylor Narrow-Beam Design Principles 52 3.2 Dolph–Chebyshev Arrays 53 3.2.1 Half-Wave Spacing 53 3.2.2 Spacing Less Than Half-Wave 59 3.3 Taylor One-Parameter Distribution 60 3.3.1 One-Parameter Design 60 3.3.2 Bickmore–Spellmire Two-Parameter Distribution 65 3.4 Taylor N-Bar Aperture Distribution 66 3.5 Low-Sidelobe Distributions 72 3.5.1 Comparison of Distributions 72 3.5.2 Average Sidelobe Level 75 3.6 Villeneuve N-Bar Array Distribution 76 3.7 Difference Patterns 79 3.7.1 Canonical Patterns 79 3.7.2 Bayliss Patterns 81 3.7.3 Sum and Difference Optimization 85 3.7.4 Discrete Zolotarev Distributions 87 3.8 Sidelobe Envelope Shaping 89 3.9 Shaped Beam Synthesis 92 3.9.1 Woodward–Lawson Synthesis 92 3.9.2 Elliott Synthesis 94 3.10 Thinned Arrays 98 3.10.1 Probabilistic Design 98 3.10.2 Space Tapering 102 3.10.3 Minimum Redundancy Arrays 103 4 Planar and Circular Array Pattern Synthesis 109 4.1 Circular Planar Arrays 109 4.1.1 Flat Plane Slot Arrays 109 4.1.2 Hansen One-Parameter Pattern 110 4.1.3 Taylor Circular n¯ Pattern 114 4.1.4 Circular Bayliss Difference Pattern 118 4.1.5 Difference Pattern Optimization 123 4.2 Noncircular Apertures 125 4.2.1 Two-Dimensional Optimization 125 4.2.2 Ring Sidelobe Synthesis 126 Acknowledgment 127 References 127 5 Array Elements 129 5.1 Dipoles 129 5.1.1 Thin Dipoles 129 5.1.2 Bow-Tie and Open-Sleeve Dipoles 136 5.2 Waveguide Slots 139 5.2.1 Broad Wall Longitudinal Slots 140 5.2.2 Edge Slots 145 5.2.3 Stripline Slots 147 5.2.4 Open-End Waveguides 147 5.2.5 Substrate Integrated Waveguide 148 5.3 TEM Horns 149 5.3.1 Development of TEM Horns 149 5.3.2 Analysis and Design of Horns 151 5.3.3 TEM Horn Arrays 152 5.3.4 Millimeter Wave Antennas 153 5.4 Microstrip Patches and Dipoles 154 5.4.1 Transmission Line Model 157 5.4.2 Cavity and Other Models 159 5.4.3 Parasitic Patch Antennas 159 5.4.4 Balanced-Fed Patches 163 Acknowledgments 163 References 163 6 Array Feeds 171 6.1 Series Feeds 171 6.1.1 Resonant Arrays 171 6.1.1.1 Impedance and Bandwidth 171 6.1.1.2 Resonant Slot Array Design 176 CONTENTS ix 6.1.2 Traveling Wave Arrays 178 6.1.2.1 Frequency Squint and Single-Beam Condition 178 6.1.2.2 Calculation of Element Conductance 181 6.1.2.3 TW Slot Array Design 185 6.1.3 Frequency Scanning 188 6.1.4 Phaser Scanning 193 6.2 Shunt (Parallel) Feeds 194 6.2.1 Corporate Feeds 194 6.2.2 Distributed Arrays 196 6.3 Two-Dimensional Feeds 197 6.3.1 Fixed-Beam Arrays 197 6.3.2 Sequential Excitation Arrays 199 6.3.3 Electronic Scan in One Plane 199 6.3.4 Electronic Scan in Two Planes 201 6.4 Photonic Feed Systems 207 6.4.1 Fiber Optic Delay Feeds 207 6.4.1.1 Binary Delay Lines 207 6.4.1.2 Acousto-Optical Switched Delay 209 6.4.1.3 Modulators and Photodetectors 210 6.4.2 Wavelength Division Fiber Delay 211 6.4.2.1 Dispersive Fiber Delay 211 6.4.2.2 Bragg Fiber Grating Delay 212 6.4.2.3 Traveling Wave Fiber Delay 212 6.4.3 Optical Delay 213 6.4.4 Optical Fourier Transform 213 6.5 Systematic Errors 214 6.5.1 Parallel Phasers 214 6.5.2 Series Phasers 215 6.5.3 Systematic Error Compensation 216 Acknowledgments 216 References 216 7 Mutual Coupling 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Fundamentals of Scanning Arrays 221 7.2.1 Current Sheet Model 221 7.2.2 Free and Forced Excitations 223 7.2.3 Scan Impedance and Scan Element Pattern 225 7.2.3.1 Transmit versus Receive SEP 228 7.2.3.2 Measurement of Scan Impedance 233 7.2.4 Minimum Scattering Antennas 233 7.3 Spatial Domain Approaches to Mutual Coupling 235 7.3.1 Canonical Couplings 235 7.3.1.1 Dipole and Slot Mutual Impedance 235 7.3.1.2 Microstrip Patch Mutual Impedance 239 7.3.1.3 Horn Mutual Impedance 241 7.3.2 Impedance Matrix Solution 242 7.3.3 The Grating Lobe Series 244 7.4 Spectral Domain Approaches 246 7.4.1 Dipoles and Slots 246 7.4.2 Microstrip Patches 258 7.4.3 Printed Dipoles 261 7.4.4 Printed TEM Horns 262 7.4.5 Unit Cell Simulators 266 7.5 Scan Compensation and Blind Angles 266 7.5.1 Blind Angles 266 7.5.2 Scan Compensation 269 7.5.2.1 Coupling Reduction 269 7.5.2.2 Compensating Feed Networks 269 7.5.2.3 Multimode Elements 272 7.5.2.4 External Wave Filter 276 Acknowledgment 276 References 277 8 Finite Arrays 285 8.1 Methods of Analysis 285 8.1.1 Overview 285 8.1.2 Finite-by-Infinite Arrays 289 8.2 Scan Performance of Small Arrays 293 8.3 Finite-by-Infinite Array Gibbsian Model 300 8.3.1 Salient Scan Impedance Characteristics 300 8.3.2 A Gibbsian Model for Finite Arrays 310 References 313 9 Superdirective Arrays 317 9.1 Historical Notes 317 9.2 Maximum Array Directivity 318 9.2.1 Broadside Directivity for Fixed Spacing 318 9.2.2 Directivity as Spacing Approaches Zero 320 9.2.3 Endfire Directivity 321 9.2.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances 322 9.3 Constrained Optimization 330 9.3.1 Dolph–Chebyshev Superdirectivity 330 9.3.2 Constraint on Q or Tolerances 336 9.4 Matching of Superdirective Arrays 338 9.4.1 Network Loss Magnification 338 9.4.2 HTS Arrays 340 References 340 10 Multiple-Beam Antennas 343 10.1 Introduction 343 10.2 Beamformers 343 10.2.1 Networks 344 10.2.1.1 Power Divider BFN 344 10.2.1.2 Butler Matrix 344 10.2.1.3 Blass and Nolen Matrices 348 10.2.1.4 The 2D BFN 350 10.2.1.5 McFarland 2D Matrix 350 10.2.2 Lenses 351 10.2.2.1 Rotman Lens BFN 351 10.2.2.2 Bootlace Lenses 368 10.2.2.3 Dome Lenses 372 10.2.2.4 Other Lenses 374 10.2.3 Digital Beamforming 377 10.3 Low Sidelobes and Beam Interpolation 378 10.3.1 Low-Sidelobe Techniques 378 10.3.1.1 Interlaced Beams 378 10.3.1.2 Resistive Tapering 379 10.3.1.3 Lower Sidelobes via Lossy Networks 379 10.3.1.4 Beam Superposition 381 10.3.2 Beam Interpolation Circuits 383 10.4 Beam Orthogonality 385 10.4.1 Orthogonal Beams 385 10.4.1.1 Meaning of Orthogonality 385 10.4.1.2 Orthogonality of Distributions 386 10.4.1.3 Orthogonality of Arrays 388 10.4.2 Effects of Nonorthogonality 389 10.4.2.1 Efficiency Loss 389 10.4.2.2 Sidelobe Changes 390 Acknowledgments 393 References 393 11.1 Scope 399 11.2 Ring Arrays 400 11.2.1 Continuous Ring Antenna 400 11.2.2 Discrete Ring Array 403 11.2.3 Beam Cophasal Excitation 407 11.3 Arrays on Cylinders 411 11.3.1 Slot Patterns 411 11.3.2 Array Pattern 412 11.3.2.1 Grating Lobes 416 11.3.2.2 Principal Sidelobes 419 11.3.2.3 Cylindrical Depolarization 421 11.3.3 Slot Mutual Admittance 422 11.3.3.1 Modal Series 426 11.3.3.2 Admittance Data 430 11.3.4 Scan Element Pattern 430 11.4 Sector Arrays on Cylinders 434 11.4.1 Patterns and Directivity 434 11.4.2 Comparison of Planar and Sector Arrays 437 11.4.3 Ring and Cylindrical Array Hardware 441 11.5 Arrays on Cones and Spheres 442 11.5.1 Conical Arrays 443 11.5.1.1 Lattices on a Cone 444 11.5.1.2 Conical Depolarization and Coordinate Systems 447 11.5.1.3 Projective Synthesis 455 11.5.1.4 Patterns and Mutual Coupling 455 11.5.1.5 Conical Array Experiments 456 11.5.2 Spherical Arrays 457 Acknowledgments 458 References 458 12 Connected Arrays 465 12.1 History of Connected Arrays 465 12.2 Connected Array Principles 466 12.3 Connected Dipole Currents 467 12.3.1 Simulation Results: Current Phases 467 12.3.2 Simulation Results: Current Amplitudes 468 12.3.3 Simulation Results: SEP 474 12.4 Connection by Reactance 474 CONTENTS xiii 12.5 Connected Array Extensions 476 References 476 13 Reflectarrays and Retrodirective Arrays 479 13.1 Reflectarrays 479 13.1.1 History of Reflectarrays 479 13.1.2 Geometric Design 480 13.1.3 Elements 481 13.1.4 Phasing of Elements 482 13.1.5 Bandwidth 484 13.1.6 Reflectarray Extensions 485 13.2 Retrodirective Arrays 486 13.2.1 History of Retrodirective Arrays 486 13.2.2 Recent Progress 487 13.2.3 Advanced Applications 491 References 491 14 Reflectors with Arrays 497 14.1 Focal Plane Arrays 497 14.1.1 Focal Plane Fields and Coma 497 14.1.2 Recovering Coma Scan Loss 502 14.1.3 Coma Correction Limitations 502 14.2 Near-Field Electromagnetic Optics 503 14.2.1 Near-Field Cassegrain 503 14.2.1.1 System Trades and Restrictions 507 14.2.2 Near-Field Gregorian 507 References 510 15 Measurements and Tolerances 513 15.1 Measurement of Low-Sidelobe Patterns 513 15.2 Array Diagnostics 516 15.3 Waveguide Simulators 518 15.4 Array Tolerances 524 15.4.1 Directivity Reduction and Average Sidelobe Level 524 15.4.2 Beam Pointing Error 526 15.4.3 Peak Sidelobes 527 Acknowledgment 529 References 529 Author Index 533 Subject Index 543

Contents Preface page xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 RF circuits 2 1.2 Narrowband nature of RF signals 3 1.3 AC circuit analysis – a brief review 3 1.4 Impedance and admittance 4 1.5 Series resonance 4 1.6 Parallel resonance 5 1.7 Nonlinear circuits 5 Problems 5 2 Impedance matching 10 2.1 Transformer matching 11 2.2 L-networks 12 2.3 Higher Q – pi and T-networks 14 2.4 Lower Q – the double L-network 15 2.5 Equivalent series and parallel circuits 16 2.6 Lossy components and efficiency of matching networks 16 Problems 17 3 Linear power amplifiers 19 3.1 Single-loop amplifier 19 3.2 Drive circuitry: common-collector, common-emitter, and common-base 20 3.3 Shunt amplifier topology 22 3.4 Dual-polarity amplifiers 22 3.5 Push–pull amplifiers 23 3.6 Efficiency calculations 25 3.7 AC amplifiers 26 3.8 RF amplifiers 29 3.9 Matching a power amplifier to its load 31 Problems 31 4 Basic filters 34 4.1 Prototype lowpass filter designs 35 4.2 A lowpass filter example 36 4.3 Lowpass-to-bandpass conversion 38 Appendix 4.1 Component values for normalized lowpass filters 41 Problems 43 References 45 5 Frequency converters 46 5.1 Voltage multiplier as a mixer 46 5.2 Switching mixers 48 5.3 A simple nonlinear device as a mixer 51 Problems 53 6 Amplitude and frequency modulation 54 6.1 Amplitude modulation 55 6.2 Frequency and phase modulation 58 6.3 AM transmitters 62 6.4 FM transmitters 65 6.5 Current broadcasting practice 65 Problems 66 7 Radio receivers 67 7.1 Amplification 67 7.2 Crystal sets 68 7.3 TRF receivers 68 7.4 The superheterodyne receiver 69 7.5 Noise blankers 74 7.6 Digital signal processing in receivers 75 Problems 75 References 76 8 Suppressed-carrier AM and quadrature AM (QAM) 77 8.1 Double-sideband suppressed-carrier AM 77 8.2 Single-sideband AM 78 8.3 Product detector 80 8.4 Generation of SSB 81 8.5 Single-sideband with class C, D, or E amplifiers 83 8.6 Quadrature AM (QAM) 84 Problems 85 References 86 9 Class-C, D, and E Power RF amplifiers 87 9.1 The class-C amplifier 87 9.2 The class-D RF amplifier 92 9.3 The class-E amplifier 94 9.4 Which circuit to use: class-C, class-D, or class-E? 99 Problems 100 References 100 10 Transmission lines 101 10.1 Characteristic impedance 101 10.2 Waves and reflected waves on transmission lines 103 10.3 Modification of an impedance by a transmission line 106 10.4 Transmission line attenuation 107 10.5 Impedance specified by reflection coefficient 107 10.6 Transmission lines used to match impedances 111 Appendix 10.1. Coaxial cable – Electromagnetic analysis 114 Problems 116 11 Oscillators 120 11.1 Negative feedback (relaxation) oscillators 120 11.2 Positive feedback oscillators 121 11.3 Oscillator dynamics 128 11.4 Frequency stability 128 11.5 Colpitts oscillator theory 129 Problems 132 12 Phase lock loops and synthesizers 134 12.1 Phase locking 134 12.2 Frequency synthesizers 144 Problems 150 References 151 13 Coupled-resonator bandpass filters 152 13.1 Impedance inverters 152 13.2 Conversion of series resonators to parallel resonators and vice versa 155 13.3 Worked example: a 1% fractional bandwidth filter 156 13.4 Tubular bandpass filters 158 13.5 Effects of finite Q 160 13.6 Tuning procedures 161 13.7 Other filter types 161 Problems 162 References 163 14 Transformers and baluns 164 14.1 The “ideal transformer” 165 14.2 Transformer equivalent circuit 166 14.3 Power transformer operation 168 14.4 Mechanical analogue of a perfectly coupled transformer 169 14.5 Magnetizing inductance used in a transformer-coupled amplifier 170 14.6 Double-tuned transformer: making use of magnetization and leakage inductances 170 14.7 Loss in transformers 172 14.8 Design of iron-core transformers 172 14.9 Transmission line transformers 175 14.10 Baluns 176 Problems 178 References 180 15 Hybrid couplers 181 15.1 Directional coupling 182 15.2 Transformer hybrid 182 15.3 Quadrature hybrids 185 15.4 How to analyze circuits containing hybrids 186 15.5 Power combining and splitting 187 15.6 Other hybrids 189 Problems 192 Reference 194 16 Waveguide circuits 195 16.1 Simple picture of waveguide propagation 195 16.2 Exact solution: a plane wave interference pattern matches the waveguide boundary conditions 196 16.3 Waveguide vs. coax for low-loss power transmission 201 16.4 Waveguide impedance 201 16.5 Matching in waveguide circuits 202 16.6 Three-port waveguide junctions 202 16.7 Four-port waveguide junctions 203 Appendix 16.1 Lowest loss waveguide vs. lowest loss coaxial line 204 Appendix 16.2 Coax dimensions for lowest loss, highest power, and highest voltage 206 Problems 207 References 207 17 Small-signal RF amplifiers 208 17.1 Linear two-port networks 208 17.2 Amplifier specifications – gain, bandwidth, and impedances 210 17.3 Narrowband amplifier circuits 213 17.4 Wideband amplifier circuits 214 17.5 Transistor equivalent circuits 214 17.6 Amplifier design examples 215 17.7 Amplifier noise 219 17.8 Noise figure 220 17.9 Other noise parameters 222 17.10 Noise figure measurement 223 Problems 223 References 226 18 Demodulators and detectors 227 18.1 AM Detectors 227 18.2 FM demodulators 233 18.3 Power detectors 238 Problems 240 References 241 19 Television systems 242 19.1 The Nipkov system 242 19.2 The NTSC system 243 19.3 Digital television 251 Problems 257 References 258 20 Antennas and radio wave propagation 259 20.1 Electromagnetic waves 259 20.2 Radiation from a current element 261 20.3 Dipole antenna 262 20.4 Antenna directivity and gain 264 20.5 Effective capture area of an antenna 266 20.6 Reflector and horn antennas 267 20.7 Polarization 271 20.8 A spacecraft radio link 272 20.9 Terrestrial radio links 273 20.10 The ionosphere 273 20.11 Other modes of propagation 275 Problems 276 References 277 21 Radar 278 21.1 Some representative radar systems 278 21.2 Radar classification 281 21.3 Target characteristics and echo strengths 283 21.4 Pulse compression 285 21.5 Synthetic aperture radar 286 21.6 TR switches 288 21.7 Diode switches 291 21.8 Radar pulse modulators 293 Problems 297 References 298 22 Digital modulation techniques 300 22.1 Digital modulators 300 22.2 Pulse shaping 303 22.3 Root raised-cosine filter 307 22.4 8-VSB and GMSK modulation 308 22.5 Demodulation 309 22.6 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing – OFDM 310 22.7 Spread-spectrum and CDMA 315 Problems 318 Glossary 318 References 320 23 Modulation, noise, and information 321 23.1 Matched filtering 321 23.2 Analysis of a BPSK link 323 23.3 On–off keying with envelope detection 325 Problems 335 References 335 24 Amplifier and oscillator noise analysis 336 24.1 Amplifier noise analysis 336 24.2 Oscillator noise 342 24.3 Effect of nonlinearity 346 Problems 346 References 348 25 The GPS Navigation system 349 25.1 System description 349 25.2 GPS broadcast format and time encoding 350 25.3 GPS satellite transmitter 352 25.4 Signal tracking 353 25.5 Acquisition 356 25.6 Ionospheric delay 359 25.7 Differential GPS 360 25.8 Augmented GPS 361 25.9 Improvements to GPS 361 25.10 Other satellite navigation systems 362 Problems 362 References 363 26 Radio and radar astronomy 364 26.1 Radiometry 365 26.2 Spectrometry 366 26.3 Interferometry 366 26.4 Radar astronomy 368 Problems 374 References 374 27 Radio spectrometry 375 27.1 Filters and filterbanks 376 27.2 Autocorrelation spectrometry 376 27.3 Fourier transform spectrometry 381 27.4 I and Q mixing 384 27.5 Acousto-optical spectrometry 385 27.6 Chirp-z spectrometry 386 Problems 388 References 389 28 S-parameter circuit analysis 390 28.1 S-parameter definitions 390 28.2 Circuit analysis using S parameters 394 28.3 Stability of an active two-port (amplifier) 397 28.4 Cascaded two-ports 399 28.5 Reciprocity 400 28.6 Lossless networks 400 Problems 404 References 405 29 Power supplies 406 29.1 Full-wave rectifier 406 29.2 Half-wave rectifier 408 29.3 Electronically regulated power supplies 409 29.4 Three-phase rectifiers 410 29.5 Switching converters 411 Problems 419 References 421 30 RF test equipment 422 30.1 Power measurements 422 30.2 Voltage measurements 423 30.3 Spectrum analysis 424 30.4 Impedance measurements 425 30.5 Noise figure meter 432 Problems 432 References 433 Index 434

Technologies Modern UWB antennas and equipment Edited by Igor Minin, ISBN 978-953-7619-67-1, Hard cover, 488 pages, Publisher: InTech, Chapters published March 01, 2010 under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license

This authoritative resource provides you with a detailed description of ideal array element characteristics that help you estimate the quality of development of real-world phased array antennas. You find several approaches to optimum phased array design, allowing you to provide specified array gain in a specific region of scan, using a minimum number of expensive, controlled devices. Moreover, this practical book presents important numerical methods that you can use to model and optimize phased array structure to obtain the best array characteristics that the chosen structure can provide.From arrays with beam-forming networks, arrays of coupled dual-mode waveguides, and arrays with reactively loaded radiators, to waveguide arrays with protruding dielectric elements, and arrays with strip, disk, and wire structures, this comprehensive reference explains a wide range of essential topics to help you with work in this challenging area. The book is supported with over 165 illustrations and more than 566 equations.

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