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C# (pronounced “See Sharp”) is a simple, modern, object-oriented, and type-safe programming language. C# has its roots in the C family of languages and will be immediately familiar to C, C++, and Java programmers. C# is standardized by ECMA International as the ECMA-334 standard and by ISO/IEC as the ISO/IEC 23270 standard. Microsoft’s C# compiler for the .NET Framework is a conforming implementation of both of these standards. C# is an object-oriented language, but C# further includes support for component-oriented programming. Contemporary software design increasingly relies on software components in the form of self-contained and self-describing packages of functionality. Key to such components is that they present a programming model with properties, methods, and events; they have attributes that provide declarative information about the component; and they incorporate their own documentation. C# provides language constructs to directly support these concepts, making C# a very natural language in which to create and use software components. Several C# features aid in the construction of robust and durable applications: Garbage collection automatically reclaims memory occupied by unused objects; exception handling provides a structured and extensible approach to error detection and recovery; and the type-safe design of the language makes it impossible to read from uninitialized variables, to index arrays beyond their bounds, or to perform unchecked type casts. C# has a unified type system. All C# types, including primitive types such as int and double, inherit from a single root object type. Thus, all types share a set of common operations, and values of any type can be stored, transported, and operated upon in a consistent manner. Furthermore, C# supports both user-defined reference types and value types, allowing dynamic allocation of objects as well as in-line storage of lightweight structures. To ensure that C# programs and libraries can evolve over time in a compatible manner, much emphasis has been placed on versioning in C#’s design. Many programming languages pay little attention to this issue, and, as a result, programs written in those languages break more often than necessary when newer versions of dependent libraries are introduced. Aspects of C#’s design that were directly influenced by versioning considerations include the separate virtual and override modifiers, the rules for method overload resolution, and support for explicit interface member declarations. The rest of this chapter describes the essential features of the C# language. Although later chapters describe rules and exceptions in a detail-oriented and sometimes mathematical manner, this chapter strives for clarity and brevity at the expense of completeness. The intent is to provide the reader with an introduction to the language that will facilitate the writing of early programs and the reading of later chapters.

C#（读作“See Sharp”）是一种简洁、现代、面向对象且类型安全的编程语言。C# 起源于 C 语言家族，因此，对于 C、C++ 和 Java 程序员，可以很快熟悉这种新的语言。C# 已经分别由 ECMA International 和 ISO/IEC 组织接受并确立了标准，它们分别是 ECMA-334 标准和 ISO/IEC 23270 标准。Microsoft 用于 .NET Framework 的 C# 编译器就是根据这两个标准实现的。 C# 是面向对象的语言，然而 C# 进一步提供了对面向组件 (component-oriented) 编程的支持。现代软件设计日益依赖于自包含和自描述功能包形式的软件组件。这种组件的关键在于，它们通过属性、方法和事件来提供编程模型；它们具有提供了关于组件的声明性信息的特性；同时，它们还编入了自己的文档。C# 提供的语言构造直接支持这些概念，这使得 C# 语言自然而然成为创建和使用软件组件之选。 有助于构造健壮、持久的应用程序的若干 C# 特性：垃圾回收 (Garbage collection) 将自动回收不再使用的对象所占用的内存；异常处理 (exception handling) 提供了结构化和可扩展的错误检测和恢复方法；类型安全 (type-safe) 的语言设计则避免了读取未初始化的变量、数组索引超出边界或执行未经检查的类型强制转换等情形。 C# 具有一个同一类型系统 (unified type system)。所有 C# 类型（包括诸如 int 和 double 之类的基元类型）都继承于一个唯一的根类型：object。因此，所有类型都共享一组通用操作，并且任何类型的值都能够以一致的方式进行存储、传递和操作。此外，C# 同时支持用户定义的引用类型和值类型，既允许对象的动态分配，也允许轻量结构的内联存储。 为了确保 C# 程序和库能够以兼容的方式逐步演进，C# 的设计中充分强调了版本控制 (versioning)。许多编程语言不太重视这一点，导致采用那些语言编写的程序常常因为其所依赖的库的更新而无法正常工作。C# 的设计在某些方面直接考虑到版本控制的需要，其中包括单独使用的 virtual 和 override 修饰符、方法重载决策规则以及对显式接口成员声明的支持。 本章的其余部分将描述 C# 语言的基本特征。尽管后面的章节会更为详尽，有时甚至逻辑缜密地对规则和例外情况进行描述，但本章的描述力求简洁明了，因而难免会牺牲完整性。这样做是为了向读者提供关于该语言的概貌，一方面使读者能尽快上手编写程序，另一方面为阅读后续章节提供指导

Visual Studio 2010 is an enormous product no matter which way you look at it. Incorporating the latest advances in Microsoft’s premiere programming languages, Visual Basic and C#, along with a host of improvements and new features in the user interface, can be intimidating to both newcomers and experienced .NET developers. Professional Visual Studio 2010 looks at every major aspect of this developer tool, showing you how to harness each feature and offering advice about how best to utilize the various components effectively. It shows you the building blocks that make up Visual Studio 2010, breaking the user interface down into manageable chunks for you to understand. It then expands on each of these components with additional details about exactly how it works both in isolation and in conjunction with other parts of Visual Studio 2010 to make your development efforts even more efficient.

http://tech.it168.com/zt/wpf/index.html WPF入门指南一：快速入门 【IT168技术文档】 摘要：WPF是微软推出的基于Windows Vista的用户界面框架，属于.NET Framework 3.0的一部分。本文旨在通过一些简单的示例，让你对WPF有一个概要的认识。 主要内容 1．概述 2．WPF的组成 3．WPF的编程架构 4．XAML 5．WPF中的控件集 一．概述 WPF （Windows Presentation Foundation）是微软推出的基于Windows Vista的用户界面框架，属于.NET Framework 3.0的一部分。它提供了统一的编程模型、语言和框架，真正做到了分离界面设计人员与开发人员的工作；同时它提供了全新的多媒体交互用户图形界面。 二．WPF的组成 WPF的构成组件如下所示，其中PresentationFramework、PresentationCore、milcore三部分是WPF的核心组件： 三．WPF的编程架构