软件工程(english)第8版ppt-面向对象和传统的方法ppt课件3
软件工程(english)第8版ppt-面向对象和传统的方法ppt课件 Object-Oriented and Classical Software Engineering 8th Edition Lecture PPT
软件工程(english)第8版ppt-面向对象和传统的方法ppt课件2
因上传限制。软件工程(english)第8版ppt-面向对象和传统的方法ppt课件 Object-Oriented and Classical Software Engineering 8th Edition Lecture PPT
软件工程(english)第8版ppt-面向对象和传统的方法ppt课件1
软件工程(english)第8版ppt-面向对象和传统的方法ppt课件
Object-Oriented and Classical Software Engineering 8th Edition Lecture PPT
Lecture Notes on Cryptography麻省理工学院密码学讲义
Lecture Notes on Cryptography麻省理工学院密码学讲义
Artificial intelligence- a modern approach (2ed,PH,2003)(T)(1112s)
最经典的人工智能教材
Artificial Intelligence
A Modern Approach
Second Edition
Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig
Contributing writers:
John F. Canny
Douglas D. Edwards
Jitendra M. Malik
Sebastian T h n
Pearson Education,
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a big field, and this is a big book. We have tried to explore the full
breadth of the field, which encompasses logic, probability, and continuous mathematics; perception,
reasoning, learning, and action; and everything from rr~icroelectror~dice vices to robotic planetary
explorers. The book is also big because we go into some depth in presenting results, although we
strive to cover only the most central ideas in the main part of each chapter. Pointers are given to
further results in the bibliographical notes at the end of each chapter.
The subtitle of this book is "A Modern Approach." The intended meaning of this rather empty
phrase is that we have tried to synthesize what is now known into a common framework, rather than
trying to explain each subfield of A1 in its own historical context. We apologize to those whose
subfields are, as a result, less recognizable than they might otherwiise have been.
The main unifying theme is the idea of an intelligent agent. We define A1 as the study of
agents that receive percepts from the environment and perform actions. Each such agent implements a
function that maps percept sequences to actions, and we cover different ways to represent these functions,
such as production systems, reactive agents, real-time cortditional planners, neural networks,
and decision-theoretic systems. We explain the role of learning as extending the reach of the designer
into unknown environments, and we show how that role constrains agent design, favoring explicit
knowledge representation and reasoning. We treat robotics and vision not as independently defined
problems, but as occurring in the service of achieving goals. We stress the importance of the task
environment in determining the appropriate agent design.
Our primary aim is to convey the ideas that have emerged over the past fifty years of A1 research
and the past two millenia of related work. We have tried to avoid excessive formality in the presentation
of these ideas while retaining precision. Wherever appropriate, we have included pseudocode
algorithms to make the ideas concrete; our pseudocode is described briefly in Appendix B. Implementations
in several programming languages are available on the book's Web site, aima.cs.berkeley.edu.
This book is primarily intended for use in an undergraduate course or course sequence. It can
also be used in a graduate-level course (perhaps with the addition of some of the primary sources
suggested in the bibliographical notes). Because of its comprehensive coverage and large number of
detailed algorithms, it is useful as a primary reference volume for A1 graduate students and professionals
wishing to branch out beyond their own subfield. The only prerequisite is familiarity with
basic concepts of computer science (algorithms, data structures, complexity) at a sophomore level.
Freshman calculus is useful for understanding neural networks and statistical learning in detail. Some
of the required mathematical background is supplied in Appendix A.
Data_Compression+The+Complete+Reference+4th+edition
1 Basic Techniques 17
1.1 Intuitive Compression 17
1.2 Run-Length Encoding 22
1.3 RLE Text Compression 23
1.4 RLE Image Compression 27
1.5 Move-to-Front Coding 37
1.6 Scalar Quantization 40
1.7 Recursive Range Reduction 42
2 Statistical Methods 47
2.1 Information Theory Concepts 48
2.2 Variable-Size Codes 54
2.3 Prefix Codes 55
2.4 Tunstall Code 61
2.5 The Golomb Code 63
2.6 The Kraft-MacMillan Inequality 71
2.7 Shannon-Fano Coding 72
2.8 Huffman Coding 74
2.9 Adaptive Huffman Coding 89
2.10 MNP5 95
2.11 MNP7 100
2.12 Reliability 101
2.13 Facsimile Compression 104
2.14 Arithmetic Coding 112
xxii Contents
2.15 Adaptive Arithmetic Coding 125
2.16 The QM Coder 129
2.17 Text Compression 139
2.18 PPM 139
2.19 Context-Tree Weighting 161
3 Dictionary Methods 171
3.1 String Compression 173
3.2 Simple Dictionary Compression 174
3.3 LZ77 (Sliding Window) 176
3.4 LZSS 179
3.5 Repetition Times 182
3.6 QIC-122 184
3.7 LZX 187
3.8 LZ78 189
3.9 LZFG 192
3.10 LZRW1 195
3.11 LZRW4 198
3.12 LZW 199
3.13 LZMW 209
3.14 LZAP 212
3.15 LZY 213
3.16 LZP 214
3.17 Repetition Finder 221
3.18 UNIX Compression 224
3.19 GIF Images 225
3.20 RAR and WinRAR 226
3.21 The V.42bis Protocol 228
3.22 Various LZ Applications 229
3.23 Deflate: Zip and Gzip 230
3.24 LZMA and 7-Zip 241
3.25 PNG 246
3.26 XML Compression: XMill 251
3.27 EXE Compressors 253
3.28 CRC 254
3.29 Summary 256
3.30 Data Compression Patents 256
3.31 A Unification 259
Contents xxiii
4 Image Compression 263
4.1 Introduction 265
4.2 Approaches to Image Compression 270
4.3 Intuitive Methods 283
4.4 Image Transforms 284
4.5 Orthogonal Transforms 289
4.6 The Discrete Cosine Transform 298
4.7 Test Images 333
4.8 JPEG 337
4.9 JPEG-LS 354
4.10 Progressive Image Compression 360
4.11 JBIG 369
4.12 JBIG2 378
4.13 Simple Images: EIDAC 389
4.14 Vector Quantization 390
4.15 Adaptive Vector Quantization 398
4.16 Block Matching 403
4.17 Block Truncation Coding 406
4.18 Context-Based Methods 412
4.19 FELICS 415
4.20 Progressive FELICS 417
4.21 MLP 422
4.22 Adaptive Golomb 436
4.23 PPPM 438
4.24 CALIC 439
4.25 Differential Lossless Compression 442
4.26 DPCM 444
4.27 Context-Tree Weighting 449
4.28 Block Decomposition 450
4.29 Binary Tree Predictive Coding 454
4.30 Quadtrees 461
4.31 Quadrisection 478
4.32 Space-Filling Curves 485
4.33 Hilbert Scan and VQ 487
4.34 Finite Automata Methods 497
4.35 Iterated Function Systems 513
4.36 Cell Encoding 529
xxiv Contents
5 Wavelet Methods 531
5.1 Fourier Transform 532
5.2 The Frequency Domain 534
5.3 The Uncertainty Principle 538
5.4 Fourier Image Compression 540
5.5 The CWT and Its Inverse 543
5.6 The Haar Transform 549
5.7 Filter Banks 566
5.8 The DWT 576
5.9 Multiresolution Decomposition 589
5.10 Various Image Decompositions 589
5.11 The Lifting Scheme 596
5.12 The IWT 608
5.13 The Laplacian Pyramid 610
5.14 SPIHT 614
5.15 CREW 626
5.16 EZW 626
5.17 DjVu 630
5.18 WSQ, Fingerprint Compression 633
5.19 JPEG 2000 639
6 Video Compression 653
6.1 Analog Video 653
6.2 Composite and Components Video 658
6.3 Digital Video 660
6.4 Video Compression 664
6.5 MPEG 676
6.6 MPEG-4 698
6.7 H.261 703
6.8 H.264 706
7 Audio Compression 719
7.1 Sound 720
7.2 Digital Audio 724
7.3 The Human Auditory System 727
7.4 WAVE Audio Format 734
7.5 μ-Law and A-Law Companding 737
7.6 ADPCM Audio Compression 742
7.7 MLP Audio 744
7.8 Speech Compression 750
7.9 Shorten 757
7.10 FLAC 762
7.11 WavPack 772
7.12 Monkey’s Audio 783
7.13 MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding (ALS) 784
7.14 MPEG-1/2 Audio Layers 795
7.15 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) 821
7.16 Dolby AC-3 847
Contents xxv
8 Other Methods 851
8.1 The Burrows-Wheeler Method 853
8.2 Symbol Ranking 858
8.3 ACB 862
8.4 Sort-Based Context Similarity 868
8.5 Sparse Strings 874
8.6 Word-Based Text Compression 885
8.7 Textual Image Compression 888
8.8 Dynamic Markov Coding 895
8.9 FHM Curve Compression 903
8.10 Sequitur 906
8.11 Triangle Mesh Compression: Edgebreaker 911
8.12 SCSU: Unicode Compression 922
8.13 Portable Document Format (PDF) 928
8.14 File Differencing 930
8.15 Hyperspectral Data Compression 941
Answers to Exercises 953
Bibliography 1019
Glossary 1041
Joining the Data Compression Community 1067
Index 1069
C++ The Complete Reference, 4th Edition - Copy
If there is one language that defines modern programming, it is C++. Its syntax,
style, and philosophy have set the standard by which all other languages are
judged. Furthermore, C++ is the universal language of programming. When an
algorithm or technique is described, it is usually done so using the C++ syntax. The
long-term success of C++ has also left a lasting impression on computer language
development. For example, both Java and C# are descended from C++. Frankly, to be
a professional programmer implies proficiency in C++. It is the one language that no
programmer can afford to ignore.
This is the fourth edition of C++: The Complete Reference. It fully describes and
demonstrates the keywords, syntax, functions, classes, and features that define the C++
language. More specifically, this book fully describes Standard C++. This is the version
of C++ defined by the ANSI/ISO Standard for C++ and it is the version of C++ that is
supported by all major compilers, including Microsoft’s Visual C++ and Borland’s C++
Builder. Thus, the information in this book is applicable to all modern programming
environments.
In the time that has passed since the previous edition of this book, there have
been no changes to the C++ language. There have, however, been big changes to the
computing environment. For example, a new standard for C, called C99, was created,
Java became the dominant language for Web programming, the .NET Framework was C++-specific features.
Part Two discusses in detail the features that move beyond the C foundation and
define the C++ language These include its object-oriented features such as classes,
constructors, destructors, RTTI, and templates. Thus, Part Two covers those constructs
that “make C++, C++.”
Part Three describes the standard function library and Part Four examines the
standard class library, including the STL (Standard Template Library). Part Five
shows two practical examples of applying C++ and object-oriented programming.
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